Thursday, November 30, 2017
As we learned from the Iraq War, there is great wisdom in the
charter requirement that peaceful solutions, however difficult to achieve, take
precedence over resorting to force.
US Can’t
Attack North Korea. It’s Against the Law
"The dictator of North Korea made a choice yesterday that
brings the world closer to war, not farther from it," Ambassador Nikki
Haley told the U.N. Security Council. (Photo: AP/Mary Altaffer)
Responding to North Korea’s test of an intercontinental
ballistic missile that could threaten the United States' mainland,
Secretary of State Rex Tillerson said in a press release: “Diplomatic options remain viable
and open, for now.”
At an emergency meeting of the U.N. Security Council on
Wednesday, U.S. Ambassador Nikki Haley said while
the U.S. does not seek war, “if war comes, make no mistake, the North Korean
regime will be utterly destroyed.”
But diplomacy is not just viable, as Tillerson says; it’s
legally required by the Charter of the United Nations, which, as a treaty
ratified by the United States, is the law of the land under the Constitution.
This dimension of the North Korean crisis is not getting the attention it
deserves.
"Preventive war proved profoundly destabilizing and
destructive in the Middle East, and would again on the Korean Peninsula."
The charter prohibits the threat or use of force except when
authorized by the U.N. Security Council or in self-defense against an armed
attack. The Security Council is intensively addressing the crisis,
including in Wednesday’s meeting, and it’s significant that it has not seen fit
to authorize the use of force.
Unless and until it does, the U.S. is bound by law to seek a
diplomatic solution. Seeking a military one, in addition to its horrific
humanitarian consequences, would violate the charter and put the U.S. on the
wrong side of the law.
We’re currently operating under Resolution 2375 of September 11,
2017, which tightened sanctions on North Korea after it tested a powerful
nuclear bomb. It was adopted pursuant to U.N. Charter Article 41, which
covers measures not involving the use of force, such as economic sanctions.
Neither 2375 nor previous Security Council resolutions on North
Korea contain any indication whatever that force is authorized. In fact, they
emphasize the need for a peaceful settlement, which is also mandated by the
charter.
Article 2(3) obligates all members to “settle their
international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international
peace and security, and justice, are not endangered.”
There is a reason Security Council resolutions on North Korea
are written this way. China and Russia are implacably opposed to a military
strike, and have the power to veto resolutions they oppose.
They learned their lesson in the run-up to the 2003 U.S.
invasion of Iraq, when the United States interpreted ambiguous language in
Security Council resolutions to authorize the invasion.
That interpretation was incorrect, but since then China, Russia
and other members of the council have taken extreme care to prevent the U.S.
from making similar maneuvers.
Those inclined to scoff at the idea that the U.N. or
international law could restrain the U.S. from using its military might haven’t
really understood the situation. This is not just a matter of
international legalisms for policy wonks. The geopolitical stakes are real, and
high.
China might well intervene militarily if the United States
started a war with North Korea. In negotiations on Resolution 2375, China and
Russia supported including a provision forbidding military action north of the
38th parallel dividing South and North Korea.
That provision was refused by the U.S., but it shows how opposed
Russia and China are to use of force in the region. Their position is backed by
law, which, as permanent members of the Security Council, they shape by
refusing any authorization of force.
Article 51 of the U.N. Charter does recognize “the inherent
right of individual or collective self-defense if an armed attack
occurs … until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to
maintain international peace and security.”
But since the George W. Bush administration, U.S. doctrine has
permitted preemptive attacks against serious threats, particularly weapons of
mass destruction. While the term is usually avoided, this is essentially a
doctrine allowing preventive war.
This August, Trump’s national security advisor, General H. R.
McMaster, broke protocol and referred to a possible “preventive war” against North Korea.
That U.S. position is not backed by law. Preventive war is
plainly illegal under the U.N. Charter, which permits military action as a
matter of self-defense only in response to an actual armed attack. At most,
military action might be allowed in response to the early stages of an attack.
Again, this is no wonkish, legalistic fine point of parsing the
charter; it’s of vital practical importance. Preventive war proved
profoundly destabilizing and destructive in the Middle East, and would again on
the Korean Peninsula.
Amid Trump’s incendiary “fire and fury” rhetoric, Congress is
also beginning to debate the legality of a conventional or nuclear strike
against North Korea, and the limits of the president’s power to order one.
At a November 14 hearing of the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee, Brian McKeon, former committee lawyer and former Pentagon official,
testified that the Constitution requires any war with North Korea to be authorized
by Congress. Two bills were recently introduced in Congress requiring its
specific approval of war with North Korea, and two others require Congressional
approval of the first use of nuclear weapons or rule it out altogether.
Also at the Senate hearing, former Commander of Strategic
Command Robert Kehler pointed out that the U.S. military is duty-bound to
refuse a president’s order to use nuclear weapons if it’s illegal.
He testified that to be legal, use of nuclear weapons must
comply with requirements of necessity, proportionality and discrimination
under the international law of armed conflict.
What Kehler did not say is that given their uncontrollable and
indiscriminate effects, an order to use nuclear weapons would fail those tests,
and be illegal.
There was zero discussion at the hearing of the illegality of
the U.S. attacking North Korea under the U.N. Charter.
Yet as we learned from the Iraq War, there is great wisdom in
the charter requirement that peaceful solutions, however difficult to achieve,
take precedence over resorting to force.
Correction: An earlier version of this article mistakenly named
General H. R. McMaster as Trump's chief of staff. He is the national security
advisor.
2017 Newsweek
John Burroughs is Executive Director of the New York City–based
Lawyers Committee on Nuclear Policy.
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"The master class
has always declared the wars; the subject class has always fought the battles.
The master class has had all to gain and nothing to lose, while the subject
class has had nothing to gain and everything to lose--especially their
lives." Eugene Victor Debs
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