Noam Chomsky. (photo: Andrew Rusk/Flickr)
Noam
Chomsky: Trump and Our Resistance
By Jacobin
28 December 16
Noam Chomsky on progressive reform, Fidel Castro, and building
resistance under Donald Trump.
As
he approaches ninety years old, Noam Chomsky’s bibliography just keeps
expanding. Fortunately for the international left, he also continues
giving interviews.
Earlier
this month, less than a week before his eighty-eighth birthday, Chomsky sat
down for a conversation at his office in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Interviewed
by Vaios Triantafyllou, a graduate student at the University of Pennsylvania,
Chomsky discussed everything from socialism, human nature, and the Adam
Smith to the US president-elect. (The transcript has been condensed
and edited for clarity.)
As
Donald Trump fills out his Cabinet, Chomsky allows that the future could be one
of bigotry and scapegoating. But the choice is still up to us: “Whether that
could succeed,” Chomsky says of divide-and-conquer tactics, “depends on the
kind of resistance that will be mounted by people just like you.”
How
should socialists think about the relationship between reforms that humanize
the existing system of production (as proposed by Sanders) and the long-term
goal of abolishing capitalism altogether?
Well,
first of all we should recognize that, like most terms of political discourse,
socialism has more or less lost its meaning. Socialism used to mean something.
If you go back far enough, it meant basically control of production by
producers, elimination of wage labor, democratization of all spheres of life;
production, commerce, education, media, workers’ control in factories,
community control of communities, and so on. That was socialism once.
But it
hasn’t meant that for a hundred years. In fact, what were called the socialist
countries were the most anti-socialist systems in the world. Workers had more
rights in the United States and England than they had in Russia, and it was
somehow still called socialism.
As far
as Bernie Sanders is concerned, he is a decent, honest person, and I supported
him. What he means by
socialism is New Deal liberalism. In fact, his actual policies would not have
been a great surprise to General Eisenhower. The fact that this is called a
political revolution is a sign of how far to the right the political spectrum
has shifted, mainly in the last thirty years, since the neoliberal programs began
to be instituted. What he was calling for was a restoration of something like
New Deal liberalism, which is a very good thing.
So,
going to your question, I think we should ask: should people who care about
human beings, and their lives and concerns, seek to humanize the existing
system of production by the means you describe? And the answer is, sure they
should do that, that’s better for people.
Should
they set out the long-term goal of abolishing capitalist economic organization
altogether? Sure, I think so. It’s had its achievements, but it is based on
quite brutal assumptions, anti-human assumptions. The very idea that there
should be a certain class of people who give orders by virtue of their
ownership of wealth and another huge class who take orders and follow them
because of their lack of access to wealth and power, that’s unacceptable.
So,
sure it should be abolished. But those are not alternatives. Those are things
you do together.
One of
the main arguments used against socialism is that human nature is by
definition selfish and competitive, and hence is only conducive to capitalism.
How would you respond?
Bear
in mind that capitalism is a tiny period of human society. We never really had
capitalism, we always had one or another variant of state capitalism. The
reason is capitalism would self-destruct in no time. So the business classes
have always demanded strong state intervention to protect the society from the
destructive effect of market forces. It’s often business that it’s in the lead,
because they don’t want everything destroyed.
So
we’ve had one or another form of state capitalism during an extremely brief
period of human history, and it tells us essentially nothing about human
nature. If you look at human societies and human interactions, you can find
anything. You find selfishness, you find altruism, you find sympathy.
Let’s
take Adam Smith, the patron saint of capitalism — what did he think? He thought
the main human instinct was sympathy. In fact, take a look at the word
“invisible hand.” Take a look at the actual way in which he used the phrase.
Actually, it’s not hard to find out, because he only used it twice in any
relevant sense, once in each of his two major books.
In his
one major book, The Wealth of Nations,
the phrase appears once, and it appears in what amounts to a critique of
neoliberal globalization. What he says is that, if in England, the
manufacturers and merchants invested abroad and imported from abroad, they
might benefit, but it would be harmful to England. But their commitment to
their home country is sufficient, so they are unlikely to do this and
therefore, by an invisible hand, England will be saved from the impact of what
we call neoliberal globalization. That’s one use.
The
other use is in his other major book, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (which
people don’t read much, but for him it was the major book). Here he is an
egalitarian, he believed in equality of outcome, not opportunity. He is an
Enlightenment figure, pre-capitalist.
He
says, suppose in England, one landowner got most of the land and other people
would have nothing to live on. He says it wouldn’t matter much, because the
rich landowner, by virtue of his sympathy for other people would distribute
resources among them, so that by an invisible hand, we would end up with a
pretty egalitarian society. That’s his conception of human nature.
That’s
not the way “invisible hand” is used by the people who you took courses with or
whose books you read. That shows a difference in doctrine, not in fact, about
human nature. What we actually know about human nature is that it has all of
these possibilities.
Do you
think it’s necessary to sketch out concrete proposals for a future socialist order,
creating a solid alternative that appeals to the majority of people?
I
think people are interested in authentic long-term socialist
goals (which are not what is usually called socialism). They should be thinking
through carefully how the projected society should work, not in extensive detail, because a
lot of things just have to be learned by experiment, and we don’t know enough
to plan societies in detail by any means. But general guidelines could be
worked out, and many of the specific problems can be discussed.
And
that should just be part of people’s popular consciousness. That’s how a
transition to socialism could take place. When it becomes part of the awareness,
consciousness, and aspirations of the large majority of the population.
So,
take for example one of the major achievements in this direction, maybe the
major one: the anarchist revolution in Spain in
1936. There had been decades of preparation for that: in education, in activism
and efforts — sometimes beaten back — but when the moment came with the fascist
attack, the people had in their minds the way they wanted the society to be organized.
We
have seen it in other ways, too. Take, say, Europe’s reconstruction after the
Second World War. The Second World War had really devastating effects for much
of Europe. But it really didn’t take them very long to reconstruct state
capitalist democracies because it was in people’s heads.
There
were other parts of the world that were pretty much devastated, and they
couldn’t do it. They didn’t have the conceptions in their mind. A lot of it is
human consciousness.
Syriza
came to power claiming a commitment to socialism. But they ended up cooperating
with the European Union, and didn’t step down even after they were forced to
implement austerity. How do you think we can avoid a similar outcome in the
future?
I
think the real tragedy of Greece, aside from the savagery of the European
bureaucracy, Brussels bureaucracy, and Northern banks, which was really savage, is the Greek
crisis didn’t have to erupt. It could have been taken care of pretty easily at
the very beginning.
But it
happened, and Syriza came into office with a declared commitment to combat it.
In fact they actually called a referendum, which horrified
Europe: the idea that people should be allowed to decide something about their
own fate is just anathema to European elites — how can democracy even be
permitted (even in the country where it was created).
As a
result of this criminal act of asking people what they want, Greece was
punished even further. The demands of the Troika got much harsher because of
the referendum. They were fearing a kind of domino effect — if we pay attention
to people’s desires, others might get the same idea, and the plague of
democracy might actually spread, so we have to kill it right away at the roots.
Then
Syriza did succumb, and ever since
then they have done things that I think are quite unacceptable.
You
ask how people should respond? By creating something better. It’s not easy,
especially when they are isolated. Greece, alone, is in a very vulnerable
position. If the Greeks had had support from progressive left and popular
forces elsewhere in Europe, they might have been able to resist the demands of
the Troika.
What
is your opinion of the system Castro created in Cuba after the revolution?
Well,
what Castro’s actual goals were, we don’t actually know. He was sharply constrained from
the first moment, by a harsh and cruel attack from the reigning superpower.
We
have to remember that literally within months after his taking office, the
planes from Florida were beginning to bomb Cuba. Within a year, the Eisenhower
administration, secretly, but formally, determined [the US would] overthrow the
government. Then came the Bay of Pigs invasion. The
Kennedy administration was furious about the failure of the invasion, and
immediately launched a major terrorist war, economic war that got harsher
through the years.
Under
these conditions it is kind of amazing that Cuba survived. It is a small island
right offshore of a huge superpower which is trying to destroy it, and
obviously depended on the United States for survival all of its recent history.
But somehow they survived. It was true that it was a dictatorship: a lot of
brutality, a lot of political prisoners, a lot of people killed.
Remember,
the US attack on Cuba was ideologically presented as necessary to defend
ourselves from Russia. As soon as Russia disappeared, the attack got harsher.
There was almost no comment on that, but it tells you that the preceding claims
were just an outright lie, as of course they were.
If you
look at US internal documents, they explain very clearly what the threat of
Cuba was. So back in the early ’60s, the State Department described the threat
of Cuba as Castro’s successful defiance of US policy, going back to the Monroe Doctrine. The Monroe
Doctrine established the claim — they couldn’t implement it at the time, but
the claim — to dominate the Western Hemisphere, and Castro was successfully
defying that.
That’s
not tolerable. It is like somebody saying, let’s have democracy in Greece, and
we just can’t tolerate that, so we have to destroy the threat at its roots.
Nobody can successfully defy the master of the hemisphere, in fact of the
world, hence the savagery.
But
the reaction was mixed. There were achievements, like health, literacy, and so
on. The internationalism was
incredible. There is a reason why Nelson Mandela went to Cuba to praise Castro
and thank the Cuban people almost as soon as he got out of jail. That’s a Third
World reaction, and they understand it.
Cuba
played an enormous role in the liberation of Africa and the overthrow of
apartheid — sending doctors and teachers to the poorest places in the world, to
Haiti, Pakistan after the earthquake, almost everywhere. The internationalism
is just astonishing. I don’t think there has been anything like it in history.
The
health achievements were astonishing. Health statistics in Cuba were about like
the United States, and take a look at the differences in wealth and power.
On the
other hand, there was a harsh dictatorship. So there was both.
Transition
to socialism? We cannot even talk about this. The conditions made it
impossible, and we don’t know if there was an intention.
In
recent years, several movements have sprung up in the US criticizing the
current form of social and economic organization. Nevertheless, most of them
have united against a common enemy, instead of uniting around a common vision.
How should we think about the state of social movements and their ability to
unite?
Let’s
take the Occupy movement. Occupy was not a movement, it was a tactic. You can’t
sit forever in a park near Wall Street. You can’t do it for more than a few
months.
It was
a tactic I had not predicted. If people had asked me, I would have said, don’t
do it.
But it
was a great success, an enormous success, with a big impact on people’s
thinking, on people’s action. The whole concept of concentration of wealth (1
percent and 99 percent), it was there of course, at the background of people’s
understanding, but it became prominent — even became prominent in the mass
media (in the Wall Street Journal, for example) — and it led to
many forms of activism, it energized people and so on. But it wasn’t a
movement.
The
Left, in a general sense, is very much atomized. We live in highly atomized
societies. People are pretty much alone: it’s you and your iPad.
The
major organizing centers, like the labor movement, have been severely weakened,
in the United States very severely, by policy. It didn’t happen like a
hurricane. Policies have been designed to undermine working-class organization,
and the reason is not only that unions fight for workers’ rights, but they also
have a democratizing effect. These are institutions in which people without
power can get together, support one another, learn about the world, try out
their ideas, initiate programs — and that’s dangerous. That’s like a referendum
in Greece. It’s dangerous to allow that.
We
should recall that during the Second World War and the Depression, there was an
upsurge in popular, radical democracy, all over the world. It took different
forms, but it was there, everywhere.
In
Greece it was the Greek revolution. And it had to be crushed. In countries like
Greece, it was crushed by violence. In countries like Italy, where the US/
British forces entered in 1943, it was crushed by attacking and destroying the
anti-German partisans and restoring the traditional order. In countries like
the United States, it was crushed not by violence — capitalist power doesn’t
have that capacity here — but starting in the late ’40s, huge efforts were
undertaken to try to undermine and destroy the
labor movement. And it went on.
It
picked up sharply under Reagan, it picked up again under Clinton, and by now
the labor movement is extremely weak (in other countries, it’s taken different
forms). But that was one of the institutions which did let people come together
to act cooperatively and with mutual support, and others have been pretty much
decimated as well.
What
can we expect from Donald Trump? Does his rise provide ground for redefining
and uniting a socialist movement around a common vision in the United States?
The
answer to that is basically up to you and your friends. It really depends on
how people, especially young people, react. There are plenty of opportunities,
and they could be taken. It is not inevitable by any means.
Just
take what is likely to happen. Trump is highly unpredictable. He doesn’t know
what he plans. But what might happen, for example, one possible scenario is
this: a lot of people who voted for Trump, working-class people, voted for
Obama in 2008. They were seduced by the slogans “hope” and “change.” They
didn’t get hope, they didn’t get change, they were disillusioned.
This
time they voted for another candidate who is calling for hope and change and
has promised to deliver all kinds of amazing things. Well, he is not going to
deliver them. So, what happens in a couple of years, when he hasn’t delivered
them and that same constituency is disillusioned?
What’s
very likely is that the power system will do what it typically does under such
conditions: try to scapegoat the more
vulnerable to say, “Yeah, you haven’t gotten what we promised, and the reason
is those worthless people, the Mexicans, the blacks, the Syrian immigrants, the
welfare cheats. They are the ones who are destroying everything. Let’s go after
them. The gays, they are the ones to blame.”
That
could happen. It’s happened over and over in history with pretty ugly
consequences. And whether that could succeed depends on the kind of resistance that
will be mounted by people just like you. The answer to this question should be
directed to you, not to me.
C 2015 Reader Supported News
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"The master class
has always declared the wars; the subject class has always fought the battles.
The master class has had all to gain and nothing to lose, while the subject
class has had nothing to gain and everything to lose--especially their lives."
Eugene Victor Debs
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